Indigenous peoples of the Americas

The term indigenous peoples of the Americas encompasses the inhabitants of the Americas before the arrival of the European explorers in the 15th century, as well as many present-day ethnic groups who identify themselves with those historical peoples. (The precise definition of the term is the topic of the Native American name controversy.)

According to current scientific knowledge, most (if not all) of those indigenous peoples descend from peoples from Siberia, who probably entered North America more than 16,000 years ago and spread and diversified into hundreds of culturally distinct nations and tribes.

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While many of these indigenous peoples retained a nomadic or semi-nomadic lifestyle until modern times, others lived in permanent villages and were primarily farmers, and in some regions they created large sedentary chiefdom polities, and even advanced state level societies with monumental architecture and large-scale, organized cities.

Mississippian culture, Cahokia, Mesoamerica, Maya, Olmec, Zapotec, Toltec, Teotihuacan, Aztec, Aymara, Inca, indigenous people of Brazil.

Mississippian culture

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The Mississippian culture was a mound-building Native American culture that flourished in the Midwestern, Eastern, and Southeastern United States from approximately 800 to 1500 CE, varying regionally. The Mississippian way of life began to develop in the Mississippi River Valley (for which it is named). Cultures in the Tennessee River Valley may have also begun to develop Mississippian characteristics at this point. Almost all datings at known sites defined as Mississippian come before 1539 (when de Soto explored the area), and very few European artifacts have been discovered at known Mississippian sites, indicating very little contact with the Europeans.

A number of cultural traits are recognized as being characteristic of the Mississippians. Although not all Mississippian peoples practiced all of the following activities, all of them were distinct from their ancestors in their adoption of some or all of these traits.

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The construction of truncated pyramid mounds, or platform mounds. Such mounds were usually square, rectangular, or occasionally circular. Structures (domestic houses, temples, burial buildings, or other) were usually constructed atop such mounds.
Maize-based agriculture. In most places, the development of Mississippian culture coincided with adoption of comparatively large-scale, intensive maize agriculture.
The adoption and use of riverine (or more rarely marine) shell tempering agents in their ceramics.
Widespread trade networks extending as far west as the Rockies, north to the Great Lakes, south to the Gulf of Mexico, and east to the Atlantic Ocean.
The development of the chiefdom or complex chiefdom level of social complexity.
The development of institutionalized social inequality.
A centralization of control of combined political and religious power in the hands of few or one.The beginnings of a settlement hierarchy, in which one major center (with mounds) has clear influence or control over a number of lesser communities, which may or may not possess a smaller number of mounds.

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The adoption of the paraphernalia of the Southeastern Ceremonial Complex (SECC), also called the Southern Cult. This is the belief system of the Mississippians as we know it. SECC items occur from Wisconsin to the Gulf Coast, and from Florida to Arkansas and Oklahoma.
The Mississippians had no writing system or stone architecture. They could work naturally occurring metal deposits, but performed no bronze or iron metallurgy.

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Indigenous peoples of the Americas

Indigenous peoples of Mexico