The Aztecs Pre-Columbian Mesoamerican people of central México

The Aztecs were a Pre-Columbian Mesoamerican people of central México in the 14th, 15th and 16th centuries. They called themselves Mexicas, which was reflected in the name of the later Republic of Mexico. The capital was Tenochtitlan, built on raised islets in Lake Texcoco – the site of modern-day Mexico City.

The civilization had a rich mythology and cultural heritage. The most striking element of their culture in the popular perception is the practice of human sacrifice.

In what is probably the most widely known episode in the Spanish colonization of the Americas, Hernan Cortes conquered the Aztecs in 1521 thus immortalizing himself and the Aztec Huey Tlatoani, Moctezuma II (Montezuma II).

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Although some contemporary Nahuatl speakers identify themselves as Aztecs, the word is normally only used as a historical term referring to the empire of the Mexicas, as distinguished from the Mexicas alone. This article deals with the historical Aztec civilization, not with modern-day Nahuatl speakers.

According to the Aubin codex, the Nahua lived in Aztlán under the rule of a powerful elite, called the Azteca Chicomostoca. The seven tribes fled Aztlán, to seek new lands. The Mexica were the last group to leave, guided by their priest "Huitzil". The Aubin Codex relates that after leaving Aztlán, Huitzilopochtli ordered his people to never identify themselves as Azteca, the name of their former masters. Instead they should henceforth call themselves Mexica.

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The Spanish conquistadors referred to them as "Mexica". In Mexico, archeologists and museums use the term Mexica. The wider population in and outside Mexico generally speaks of Aztecs. In this article, the term "Mexica" is used to refer to the Mexica people up until the time of the formation of the Triple Alliance. After this, the term "Aztecs" is used to refer to the peoples who made up the Triple Alliance.

Mexica is a term of uncertain origin. Very different etymologies are proposed: the old Nahuatl word for the sun, the name of their leader Mexitli, or a type of weed that grows in Lake Texcoco. Renowned Nahuatl translator Miguel León-Portilla suggests that it is derived from mexictli, "navel of the moon", from Nahuatl metztli (moon) and xictli (navel). Alternatively, mexictli could mean "navel of the maguey" using the Nahuatl metl and the locative "co".

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In Nahuatl, the native language of the Mexicas, Azteca means "someone who comes from Aztlán"; the culture we now call Aztec however referred to itself as Mexica, Tenochca or Tlatelolca depending on their city of origin. The use of the word Azteca was a broad term that did not refer to a specific culture, like the modern use of Latino, or Mediterranean.

In 1810 Alexander von Humboldt originated the modern usage of "Aztec" as a collective term applied to all the people linked by trade, custom, religion , and language to the Mexica state and the Triple Alliance. In 1843, with the publication of the work of William Prescott, it was adopted by most of the world, including 19th century Mexican scholars who saw it as a way to distinguish "modern" Mexicans from pre-conquest Mexicans. This usage has been the subject of debate in more recent years, and the term "Mexica" is becoming more common.

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Indigenous peoples of the Americas

Indigenous peoples of Mexico