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Cahokia a Native American city

Cahokia was a Native American city located near Collinsville in the west-central part of the U.S. state of Illinois, across the Mississippi River from St. Louis, Missouri, in the American Bottom floodplain. Cahokia is best known for large, man-made earthen structures, known popularly as mounds, the largest of which is Monk's Mound; as well as its timber circles named Woodhenge after Stonehenge, as both structures marked the solstices, equinoxes and other astronomical events. Cahokia Mounds was designated a National Historic Landmark on July 19, 1964, and on October 15, 1966 was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Cahokia Mounds State Historic Site, designated as a World Heritage Site in 1982, protects 2200 acres (8.9 km²) of the area of the mounds (but more of the site is on private land) and is the site of ongoing archaeological excavations. Cahokia is one of the best known sites of the Mississippian culture and the term "Cahokian" is sometimes used to describe the culture.

The site was first settled around 650 during the Late Woodland period. Mound building did not begin here until 1050 at the beginning of the Mississippian period, and the site was abandoned between 1250 and 1400. The original name of the city is unknown and the inhabitants appear to have not employed writing. The name Cahokia is that of an unrelated clan of Illiniwek that was living in the area when the first French explorers arrived in the early 17th century. The Osage Nation, Omaha, Ponca, Quapaw and others are believed to be the direct descendants of the Mississippian culture but no stories referring to the city of Cahokia were ever recorded among the tribes.
Monk's Mound is the largest man-made earthen mound in North America at about 100 feet (30.5 m) high and a base of 1,037 by 790 feet (316 by 241 m). A large building, possibly the residence of the city's paramount chief, originally stood on the top of the mound. This single building was 105 feet long, 48 feet wide and about 50 feet high. A 50 acre (200,000 m²) plaza stood in front of the mound. The Cahokia site contains several types of mounds - flat-top, conical and ridge-top mounds, which possibly had different functions. More than 120 mounds are thought to have existed. Of these, 109 have been located and 68 are preserved in the park.

During the Pre-Columbian era, Cahokia was, for a time, the largest North American city north of the Mesoamerican cities of central Mexico. It was one of two major centers of a group of peoples known now as the Mound Builders.
The city population is thought to have been around 1,000 until about the year 1050 when the population exploded to tens of thousands. Estimates of the city's peak population range from 8,000 to 40,000, with scattered farmsteads and farming villages surrounding and supplying it. There were trade links between Cahokia and sites as far away as southern Minnesota and the Gulf Coast. Pottery and stone tools in the Cahokia style were common at the Silver nail archaeological site near Red Wing, Minnesota. Until c. 1800, no North American city north of Mexico would be larger than Cahokia had been at its peak (Around 1800, Philadelphia broke Cahokia's record).

Environmental factors, such as over hunting and deforestation, have been proposed for the city's decline and abandonment. Another suspected culprit is destruction by nomadic tribes moving into the area and wiping out the thus-weakened civilization. However, no physical evidence of warfare of any kind has been found, despite the existence of a high wall with guard posts. Diseases such as cholera and typhoid, with vectors facilitated by large, dense populations are other possible causes of the rapid depopulation of the Cahokia area. More current models propose political collapse as the primary cause of the Cahokian decline.

The city and its more than 100 mounds (not all of them surviving) is laid out on a diamond-shape area approximately a mile from end-to-end. The flatness of this plaza was originally thought to be due to the fact that the city sits on an alluvial flood plain created by the nearby Mississippi River, but soil studies revealed that original soil was undulating and had been expertly leveled. This means that Cahokia can boast the largest man-made plaza in the world to this day.
During the excavation of Mound 72, a ridge-top burial mound, archeologists found the remains of someone who was probably an important ruler, a male in his 40s. He was buried on a bed of more than 20,000 marine-shell disc beads laid in the shape of a falcon. A typical motif of the Mississippian culture is the birdman. Nearby were caches of arrowheads of a variety of materials and styles which indicate a widespread geographic origin. The arrowheads were separated into four types, each from a different region in North America, indicating extensive trade links. Over 250 other skeletons were recovered from the mound, most from mass graves and some males missing hands and heads which seem to indicate that they were human sacrifices, but it is unlikely that they were all deposited at the time of the important ruler's burial. Wood in several parts of the mound has been radiocarbon-dated to 950–1000 AD.

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Indigenous peoples of Mexico