Indigenous peoples of the Americas
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The term indigenous peoples of the Americas encompasses the
inhabitants of the Americas before the arrival of the European
explorers in the 15th century, as well as many present-day ethnic
groups who identify themselves with those historical peoples. (The
precise definition of the term is the topic of the Native American
name controversy.)
According to current scientific knowledge, most (if not all) of
those indigenous peoples descend from peoples from Siberia, who
probably entered North America more than 16,000 years ago and spread
and diversified into hundreds of culturally distinct nations and
tribes.
While many of these indigenous peoples retained a nomadic or
semi-nomadic lifestyle until modern times, others lived in permanent
villages and were primarily farmers, and in some regions they
created large sedentary chiefdom polities, and even advanced state
level societies with monumental architecture and large-scale,
organized cities.
Mississippian culture, Cahokia, Mesoamerica, Maya, Olmec, Zapotec,
Toltec, Teotihuacan, Aztec, Aymara, Inca, indigenous people of
Brazil. |
Mississippian cultureThe Mississippian culture was a
mound-building Native American culture that flourished in the
Midwestern, Eastern, and Southeastern United States from
approximately 800 to 1500 CE, varying regionally. The Mississippian
way of life began to develop in the Mississippi River Valley (for
which it is named). Cultures in the Tennessee River Valley may have
also begun to develop Mississippian characteristics at this point.
Almost all datings at known sites defined as Mississippian come
before 1539 (when de Soto explored the area), and very few European
artifacts have been discovered at known Mississippian sites,
indicating very little contact with the Europeans.
A number of cultural traits are recognized as being characteristic
of the Mississippians. Although not all Mississippian peoples
practiced all of the following activities, all of them were distinct
from their ancestors in their adoption of some or all of these
traits.The construction of truncated pyramid mounds, or platform
mounds. Such mounds were usually square, rectangular, or
occasionally circular. Structures (domestic houses, temples, burial
buildings, or other) were usually constructed atop such mounds.
Maize-based agriculture. In most places, the development of
Mississippian culture coincided with adoption of comparatively
large-scale, intensive maize agriculture.
The adoption and use of riverine (or more rarely marine) shell
tempering agents in their ceramics.
Widespread trade networks extending as far west as the Rockies,
north to the Great Lakes, south to the Gulf of Mexico, and east to
the Atlantic Ocean.
The development of the chiefdom or complex chiefdom level of social
complexity.
The development of institutionalized social inequality.
A centralization of control of combined political and religious
power in the hands of few or one.The beginnings of a settlement
hierarchy, in which one major center (with mounds) has clear
influence or control over a number of lesser communities, which may
or may not possess a smaller number of mounds.
The adoption of the paraphernalia of the Southeastern Ceremonial
Complex (SECC), also called the Southern Cult. This is the belief
system of the Mississippians as we know it. SECC items occur from
Wisconsin to the Gulf Coast, and from Florida to Arkansas and
Oklahoma.
The Mississippians had no writing system or stone architecture. They
could work naturally occurring metal deposits, but performed no
bronze or iron metallurgy. |
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