Mesoamerica, group of Pre-Columbian cultures

Mesoamerica is the region extending from central Mexico south to the northwestern border of Costa Rica that gave rise to a group of stratified, culturally related agrarian civilizations spanning an approximately 3,000-year period before the European discovery of the New World by Columbus. Mesoamerican is the adjective generally used to refer to that group of Pre-Columbian cultures. This refers to an environmental area occupied by an assortment of ancient cultures that shared religious beliefs, art, architecture, and technology in the Americas for three thousand years.

Mesoamerican traits

Some common shared Mesoamerican traits include:

Intensive agriculture based heavily on maize (corn),
Small and large ceremonial buildings and complexes, often with prominent terraced pyramids and shrines.

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Worship of a set of deities including a rain god, a sun god, a feathered-serpent god (known to the Aztecs as Quetzalcoatl),
A Vigesimal numbering system,
The use of a 260-day ritual calendar in addition to the solar year calendar
A ritual ball game
and various other artistic and cultural conventions.

Mesoamerica is also a canonical example of a linguistic area: all of the major Mesoamerican languages show some subset of a pool of common traits, despite being made up of many different language families. Mesoamerica's economy and geopolitics benefited from extensive use of a lingua franca, the Nahuatl language, since at least the 7th century, and perhaps going back as far as 2,000 years.

Mesoamerica is one of our planet’s six cradles of early civilizations. Many traits of the ancient cultures of Belize, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Mexico continue to the present time today. Several of these cultural inventions and traits have spread throughout the world, in both past and present. Mesoamerican metacivilizations included the Olmec, Zapotec, Teotihuacan, Maya, Mixtec, Huastec (also located on Aridoamerica), Pipil, Totonac, Toltec, Tarascan, and the Aztec.

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An alternative term Middle America was sometimes used interchangeably with Mesoamerica in the early 20th century (sometimes as late as the 1960s), but that term has since generally fallen out of favor.

The "Resurrection of the Mesoamerica soul" is a concept invoked in the current global study of the Zapatista. Particularly the section on The Global Discourse on the Zapatistas.

The Olmec heartland is characterized by swampy lowlands punctuated by low hill ridges and volcanoes. The Tuxtla Mountains rise sharply in the north, along the Bay of Campeche. Here the Olmecs constructed permanent city-temple complexes at several locations, among them San Lorenzo Tenochtitlán, La Venta, Tres Zapotes, Laguna de los Cerros, and La Mojarra. They also had great influence beyond the heartland: from Chalcatzingo, far to the west in the highlands of Mexico, to Izapa, on the Pacific coast near what is now Guatemala, Olmec goods have been found throughout Mesoamerica during this period. In this heartland, the first Mesoamerican civilization would emerge and reign from 1200–400 BCE.

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The Olmec may have been the first Mesoamericans to develop a writing system, but no examples of it have yet been found. At the present time, there is some debate as to whether or not symbols found in 2002 dated to 650 BC are actually a form of Olmec writing preceding the oldest Zapotec writing dated to about 500 BC. There are other later hieroglyphs known as " Epi-Olmec". "Epi-Olmec" means "post Olmec", and while there are some who believe that Epi-Olmec may represent a transitional script between an earlier, unknown Olmec writing system and Maya writing, the matter is for the time being unsettled.

The Olmec were perhaps the originators of the Mesoamerican ballgame so prevalent among later cultures of the region and used for recreational and religious purposes – certainly they were playing it before anyone else has been documented doing so.

Their religion developed all the important themes (an obsession with mathematics and with calendars, and a spiritual focus on death expressed through human sacrifice) found in successor groups. Finally, their political arrangements of strongly hierarchical city-state kingdoms were repeated by nearly every other Mexican and Central American civilization that followed.

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The name "Olmec" means "rubber people" in Nahuatl, the language of the Mexica ("Aztec") people. It was the Aztec name for the people who lived in this area at the much later time of Aztec dominance. Ancient Mesoamericans, spanning from ancient Olmecs to Aztecs, extracted latex from Castilla elastica, a type of rubber tree in the area. The juice of a local vine, Ipomoea alba, was then mixed with this latex to create rubber as early as 1600 BC. The word "Olmec" also refers to the rubber balls used for their ancient ball game. Early modern explorers applied the name "Olmec" to the rediscovered ruins and art from this area before it was understood that these had been already abandoned more than a thousand years before the time of the people the Aztecs knew as the "Olmec". It is not known what name the ancient Olmec used for themselves; some later Mesoamerican accounts seem to refer to the ancient Olmec as "Tamoanchan".

There is a general consensus that the Olmec spoke a language in the Mixe-Zoquean family, although the evidence is limited.

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Indigenous peoples of the Americas

Indigenous peoples of Mexico