Teotihuacan
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Teotihuacán city where men become gods
"Teotihuacán" (teh-oh-tee-wah-kahn) is a Nahuatl name, translated
as "city where men become gods." According to legend it was where
the Gods gathered to plan the creation of man.
Construction of Teotihuacán commenced around 300 BC, with the
Pyramid of the Sun built by 150 BC. The city reached its zenith
approx. 150–450 AD, when it was the center of an influential
culture. At its height the city covered over 30 km² (over 11½ square
miles), and probably housed a population of over 150,000 people,
possibly as many as 200,000. Teotihuacán was an important source of
obsidian and there was extensive trade with other regions of
Mesoamerica. |
The city's broad central avenue, called "Avenue of the Dead" (a
translation from its Nahuatl name Miccaohtli), is still flanked by
impressive ceremonial architecture, including the immense Pyramid of
the Sun (second largest in the New World after the Great Pyramid of
Cholula), the Pyramid of the Moon, the Temple of Quetzalcoatl or
Temple of the Feathered Serpent, and many lesser temples and
palaces.
The Aztec named those pyramids according to their own beliefs, but
the "Sun pyramid" was really dedicated to Tlaloc, and was built over
a cave, probably considered sacred. Unfortunately the cave content
was stolen, possibly in prehispanic times. The Moon pyramid was
dedicated to Tlaloc´s consort Chalchihuitlicue and was used also as
a burial site for important people.
Unfortunately no ancient Teotihuacano non-ideographic texts are
known to exist (or known to have existed), but the city is
occasionally referred to in the texts of Maya monuments, showing
that Teotihuacán nobility travelled to and married with the families
of local rulers as far away as Honduras. Maya hieroglyphs mention an
individual nicknamed by scholars as "Spearthrower Owl", apparently
Emperor of Teotihuacán, who reigned for over 60 years and imposed
his relatives as kings of Tikal and Uaxactun in Guatemala. Most of
what we infer about the culture at Teotihuacan comes from the murals
that adorn the site and others, like the Wagner Murals, found in
private collections.
It was previously believed that sometime during the 7th or 8th
centuries, the city was sacked and burned by invaders, possibly the
Toltecs. More recent evidence, however, seems to indicate that the
burning was limited to the structures and dwellings associated
primarily with the elite class. The slums and poorer districts were
almost untouched. Many now claim this is evidence that the burning
was from an internal uprising and that the invasion theory is flawed
due to the fact that early archaeological work on the city was
focused exclusively on the palaces and temples, places used by the
elites, and because all of these sites showed burning.
Archaeologists concluded that the whole city was burned. Instead, it
is now known that the destruction in the city was focused on the
power symbols: Some statues seem to have been destroyed in a
methodical way, their fragments dispersed.
In rebuttal, advocates of the invasion hypotheses point to the mural
paintings of Cacaxtla, a rival city, in which was found a battle
painting featuring the glyph of Teotihuacan over a burning pyramid,
the Mesoamerican symbol of a conquered city, which could mean that
there really was an attack on Teotihuacan, led by Cacaxtla. However,
it was not unknown for ancient rulers to falsely claim victory over
foes. |
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